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Extraversion (EX) |
Introversion |
Contributing Primary Scales |
Extraversion |
| Reserved, Impersonal, Distant |
Warmth (A) |
Warm, Outgoing, Attentive to Others |
| Serious, Restrained, Careful |
Liveliness (F) |
Lively, Animated, Spontaneous |
| Shy, Threat-Sensitive, Timid |
Social Boldness (H) |
Bold, Venturesome, Thick-Skinned |
| Private, Discreet, Non-Disclosing |
Privateness (N)* |
Forthright, Genuine, Artless |
| Self-Reliant, Solitary, Individualistic |
Self-Reliance (Q2)* |
Group-Oriented, Affiliative |
Anxiety (AX) |
Low Anxiety |
Contributing Primary Scales |
High Anxiety |
| Emotionally Stable, Adaptive, Mature |
Emotional Stability (C)* |
Reactive, Emotionally Changeable |
| Trusting, Unsuspecting, Accepting |
Vigilance (L) |
Vigilant, Suspicious, Skeptical, Wary |
| Self-Assured, Unworried, Complacent |
Apprehension (O) |
Apprehensive, Self-Doubting, Worried |
| Relaxed, Placid, Patient |
Tension (Q4) |
Tense, High Energy, Impatient, Driven |
Tough-Mindedness (TM) |
Receptivity (Openness) |
Contributing Primary Scales |
Tough-Mindedness |
| Warm, Outgoing, Attentive to Others |
Warmth (A)* |
Reserved, Impersonal, Distant |
| Sensitive, Aesthetic, Sentimental |
Sensitivity (I)* |
Utilitarian, Objective, Unsentimental |
| Abstracted, Imaginative, Idea-Oriented |
Abstractedness (M)* |
Grounded, Practical, Solution-Oriented |
| Open to Change, Experimenting |
Openness to Change (Q1)* |
Traditional, Attached to Familiar |
Independence (IN) |
Accommodation (Agreeableness) |
Contributing Primary Scales |
Independence |
| Deferential, Cooperative, Avoids Conflict |
Dominance (E) |
Dominant, Forceful, Assertive |
| Shy, Threat-Sensitive, Timid |
Social Boldness (H) |
Bold, Venturesome, Thick-Skinned |
| Trusting, Unsuspecting, Accepting |
Vigilance (L) |
Vigilant, Suspicious, Skeptical, Wary |
| Traditional, Attached to Familiar |
Openness to Change (Q1) |
Open to Change, Experimenting |
Self-Control (SC) |
Lack of Restraint |
Contributing Primary Scales |
Self-Control (Conscientiousness) |
| Lively, Animated, Spontaneous |
Liveliness (F)* |
Serious, Restrained, Careful |
| Expedient, Nonconforming |
Rule-Consciousness (G) |
Rule-Conscious, Dutiful |
| Abstracted, Imaginative, Idea-Oriented |
Abstractedness (M)* |
Grounded, Practical, Solution-Oriented |
| Tolerates Disorder, Unexacting, Flexible |
Perfectionism (Q3) |
Perfectionist, Organized, Self-Disciplined |
Note: Primary scales can contribute to global scales in either a positive or a negative direction. For example, Liveliness (F) contributes positively to Extraversion (a high score on F contributes to a high score on Extraversion), but negatively to Self-Control (a high score on F lowers the individual's Self-Control score).
* Primary factors that contribute negatively to a global have been marked with an asterisk.
Portions of this site were extracted from the 16PF Fifth Edition Administrator's Manual authored by Mary T. Russell, M.S., and Darcie Karol, M.A. Definitions of the Primary Factors and Global Factors were authored by Mary T. Russell, M.S., Heather E.P. Cattell, Ph.D., and IPAT staff.
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